How elections work

Australian elections use two different voting systems in the same election.

House of Representatives — Preferential (Instant Runoff)

• You number every box in order of preference.
• If no candidate gets >50% of first preferences, the lowest-polling candidate is eliminated and their votes flow to the next preference on each ballot.
• Repeat until someone has >50%.
• Why it matters: your vote is never "wasted" — even a minor-party first preference eventually flows to your higher-ranked major candidate.

Senate — Proportional (Single Transferable Vote)

• 6 senators elected per state at a normal election (12 at a double dissolution), 2 per territory.
• You can vote above the line (number at least 6 parties) or below the line (number at least 12 candidates individually).
• A candidate needs a quota (~14.3% of state votes) to be elected.
• Surplus votes from elected candidates flow on at reduced value.
• Why it matters: the Senate reflects smaller parties much better than the House.

Voting is compulsory

Australians must enrol at 18 and turn up on election day (or vote early / by post). Not voting = ~$20 fine.

Terms

• House: max 3 years, but PM can call an early election.
• Senate: 6 years, half rotate every 3 years.

Sources: Australian Electoral Commission, Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918.